The Fourth Republic

2.President Ghulam Ishaq Khan, in active collusion with the openly politicized COAS, Mirza Aslam Beg, had asked the then Inter-Services Intelligence (ISI) Chief, General Hamid Gul, to organize an effective alliance of right wing parties to counter Ms Benazir Bhutto's seemingly bright prospects of winning the 1988 general elections. Imtiaz Alam, Towards a government by the people, The Frontier Post, Peshawar, July 23, 1993

3.Chaudhry Fazle-Ilahi became president when Zulkifar Ali Bhutto stepped down as President and became the Prime Minister when parliamentary system was introduced under a new constitution in 1973. Under the original constitution of 1973, the President was bound to accept any recommendation by the Prime Minister.

4.It may be recalled that during the anti-government demonstrations, Zulfikar Ali Bhutto amended the constitution (through parliament) on May 16, 1977 under which, among other things, the government was empowered to call army in aid of civil administration to "restore law and order" while the fundamental rights remain suspended during the military operation.

5.Abdul Ghafoor Awan, Sacking of three prime ministers (in Urdu), p-451

6.The IJI captured 104 seats while the Pakistan Peoples Party of Benazir Bhutto got only 45 seats in the National Assembly. The Mohajir Qaumi Movement emerged as the third largest party in the house with 15 seats.

7.Altaf Gauhar, President Ishaq stands indicted for high treason, The Muslim Islamabad, June 25, 1993.

8.Khalid Bin Sayeed, Western Dominance and Political Islam, Oxford Press, 1995, p-113

9.Zulfikar Khalid Maluka, The Myth of Constituionalism p 282-283

10.Saga of intrigue and deceit by Shaheen Shebai - Dawn - 27.5.1993

11.A Few questions to GIK, The Nation, Lahore 29.10 .1993

12.The Friday Times, May-6-12, 1993

13.Addressing a cheering crowd of several thousand people at Liaquat Bagh, Rawalpindi, Benazir said: "We do not want to cast any doubts on the Supreme Court as we believe in the supremacy of the constitution and the law. But the people of this country are confused and want to know the reason for upholding the presidential order when the PPP government was removed in 1990, and striking it down when the action was directed against Nawaz Sharif." She did not stop there: "We do not know what glittering thing Nawaz Sharif has, as he is the ultimate beneficiary of whether a PPP government is removed under the Eighth Amendment or his own." The Herald June 1993

14.The Herald, June 1993

15.PLD 1993 SC

16.The Herald, July 1993

17.M.H. Askari - The new political order - Dawn 21.7.93

18.The Herald May 1993

19.The Herald, Nov. 1993

20.The Herald June 1993

21.Politics of Self-Aggrandizement by Dr. S. M. Haider, The Frontier Post, Peshawar, 10.5.1993

22.Ayaz Amir, The army in Karachi - Dawn 21.3.1994

23.Ibid.

24.M. Sabhinuddin Ghausi, The Great Bank Robbery, The Herald, Sept. 1993

25.Ibid.

26.Ibid.

27.The Herald Nov. 1993

28.Parliamentary Hara-kiri by Eqbal Ahmad - Dawn 6.3.1994

29.Dawn 17.2.1995

30.Challenges before Benazir by M.H. Askari - Dawn 2.2.1994

31.Dawn 7.3.1996

32.Ibid.

33.Dawn 8.3.1995

34.Statement of the Chairperson of Pakistan Human Rights Commission, Asema Jehangir, Dawn 29.1.1995

35.Dawn 7.3.1996

36.Ibid.

37.State Terrorism-II, Ardshir Cowasjee - Dawn 2.2.1996

38.Ibid.

39.Dawn 6.3.1996

40.The US Human Rights Report for 1995.

41.A body-blow to Justice by I.A. Rehman - Dawn 11.4.1995

42.New Black Law by Munib Akhtar - Dawn 19.4.1995

43.Dawn 13.4.1995

44.Called to restore peace in Sindh, the army too fell between two stools. It behaved neither as a proper military formation with a limited agenda, nor as a political arbiter which could mend fences and bring about even partial relief to this afflicted land. Rather, it bequeathed us two MQMs where we had one. The Haqiqi's creation has since been providing the cutting edge of Karachi's wound. Eqbal Ahmad, Farooq Sumar's public FIR - Dawn 9.5.1995

45.Dawn 27.6.1995

46.Reuters news agency report dated June 27, 1995

47.Impervious to challenges by M.B. Naqvi - Dawn 16.1.1995

48.Dawn 2.3.1996

49.Dawn 12.3.1996

50.The State Under Siege by Mazdak - Dawn 15.7.1995

51.Dawn 30.1.1997

52.Dawn 30.1.1997