Appendix-I
ZULFIQAR ALI BHUTTO (1971-1977)

Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto's attempts to exploit Islamic sentiment were scarcely different from those of his predecessors. As with the previous constitutions, the 1973 document cites "all existing laws shall be brought in conformity with the injunctions of Islam as laid down in the Holy Quran and Sunnah....and no law shall be enacted which is repugnant to injunctions of Islam." Article one of the 1973 constitution describes Pakistan as an Islamic Republic. The same phrase was utilized in the 1956 document, although initially Ayub omitted references to an Islamic Republic in his 1962 constitution and only relented under great pressure to reconsider his position. Article Two of the 1973 constitution declares: "Islam shall be the state religion of Pakistan." The phrase did not appear in the 1956 or 1962 constitutions and the implications of its inclusion are only being realized since the removal and execution of Zulfikar Ali Bhutto.

Bhutto hosted the Second Islamic Summit in Lahore from February 22 to 24, 1974. The summit was attended by thirty five member states of the Organization of Islamic Conference and Palestine, represented by the Palestine Liberation Organization. The summit helped him the recognition of Bangladesh when Sheikh Mujib was invited to attend the meeting. The Islamic summit was followed by an invitation to the Imams of the mosques at Madina and Ka'aba to visit Pakistan. Later the government sponsored an international conference on the life and work of the Prophet. International Seerat Congress was held in Pakistan in March 1976. The Congress was attended among others by Imam of Ka'aba and more than hundred prominent scholars and Ulema drawn from all over the Muslim world, America and Europe. This catering to Islamic sentiments was expected to generate support for the government.

On March 31, 1972 Bhutto asked his people to 'make this beautiful country an Islamic state, the biggest Islamic state, the bravest Islamic state and the most solid Islamic state." Mor e than 90,000 Pakistanis performed Haj in 1972. The National Assembly passed an Act in July, 1973 to ensure "Error Free Publication of the Holy Quran." Adequate steps were taken against the desecration of the torn pages of the Holy Quran. A Ministry of Religious Affairs was set up for the first time. Religious education was made compulsory from primary upto Matriculation.

Bhutto's strategy was both to placate and outwit the religious and conservative opposition. He defeated it handsomely in the general election in 1970 but by 1974, unlike Khawaja Nazimuddin, a weak man, Bhutto, the strong man, was not able to meet the challenge posed by the anti-Ahmadi agitation_XE "anti-Ahmadi agitation"_. The demonstrations in Lahore and Lyallpur in June 1974 resulted in widespread rioting, destruction of property and army units being called to quell the disturbances. Bhutto surrendered to the opposition demand to declare Ahmadis as non-Muslim minority. The constitution was suitably amended to pla cate the Ulema. But that did not stop the Ulema to use the religious appeal against him. In 1970 election, religious and conservative parties like Jamaat-i-Islami, Jamiat-ul-Ulema-i-Islam, the Muslim League were divided but in March 1977 elections these parties had formed a common alliance -- Pakistan National Alliance (PNA). Bhutto did not see the danger in the Alliance for he called it a "cat with nine tails."

In the aftermath of violence erupted by the "fraudulent' election results, Bhutto announced a ban on liquor, night clubs and horse races in May 1977. Friday was declared as a closed weekly holiday in lieu of Sunday from 1st July, 1977 "in deference to the wishes of the Muslim community." These measures were taken during the last days of Bhutto's regime. The motive behind these measures was not the enforcement of the injunctions of Islam in the country but to out-wit the mounting opposition, which gathered on a religious platform.

ISLAM AND POLICIES IN PAKISTAN
1958 CONSTITUTION
GENERAL ZIAUL HAQ (1977-1988)